|
Conflict between Libya and Sudan has occurred intermittently since relations between the two countries began to deteriorate in 1972. Between 1967 and 1971 Libya–Sudan relations had been based on a positive foreign policy relationship with both nations favoring solidarity with other Arab countries.〔(Sudan (01/08) )〕〔(Libya (10/07) )〕 However, during the early 1970s President Gaafar Nimeiry of Sudan began to pursue a foreign policy strategy which aligned Sudan with Western powers. Sudan’s western focused policy conflicted with Libyan interests. This new Sudanese national interest would weaken relations between Sudan and Libya throughout the 1970s.〔 Under Colonel Muammar Gaddafi Libya continued to pursue foreign policy directed along ideological and pragmatic lines.〔 This resulted in several instances of conflict between the two nations between 1972 and 1976. In 1976 Sudan charged that Libya was involved in a terrorist plot against its government. This led to a severance of relations between the nations. In the late 1970s and 1980s Sudanese and Libyan foreign policy clashed over several regional conflicts. These included the Chadian–Libyan conflict, the Libyan–Egyptian War and Libyan support for Ugandan dictator Idi Amin.〔()〕 In these cases Libya’s conflict with Sudan resulted from Gaddafi’s regional goals of pan-Arabism and was heavily influenced by relations with Egypt.〔George Joffe, “Libya’s Saharan Destiny,” The Journal of North African Studies, 10, no. 3–4 (2005)〕 The Chadian–Libyan conflict in particular influenced the foreign policy of several African countries towards Libya. Pro-Libyan supporters were set against an anti-Libyan side which included Sudan and Egypt.〔Hussein Solomon and Gerrie Swart, “Libya’s Foreign Policy In Flux,” African Affairs, 104, no. 416, (2005)〕 Some sub-Saharan countries, such as Zaire, supported the anti-Libyan forces in Chad out of fear of a Libyan expansion.〔Asteris Huliaras ,“Qadhafi's comeback: Libya and sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s”, African Affairs 100, (2001)〕 In 1986 Libya assisted the Mahdi government under Omar al-Bashir to assume power in Sudan, resuming relations between the two nations.〔Mary-Jane Deeb, Libya’s Foreign Policy in North Africa, Westview Press: United States〕 After this point both nations employed markedly different foreign policy strategies. Sudan adopted a non-aligned course, trying to obtain western aid while building better relationships with Arab states. This included cooperative ties with Libya.〔(Background Notes Archive - Africa )〕 Libya began to pursue stronger regional connections, with Gaddafi attempting to increase his influence in the African continent . This changed the nature of relations between the two nations.〔 ==Events== In May 1969, Gaafar an-Nimeiry managed a successful coup d’etat in Sudan. Later that same year, Muammar Gaddafi rose to power through a coup d’etat in Libya. He initially tried to strengthen the traditional ties with Sudan and Egypt, so much so that he proposed a federation with the individual states during his first two years in power. His policy and ideology were influenced by Egypt’s Gamal Abdel Nasser, especially his anti-Soviet, anti-Western and Arab nationalist sentiments. Their relationship was very influential until Nasser died in September 1970. In the early 1970s Sudan’s internal divisions, especially in the southern region, began to play a larger role in Sudanese foreign policy. Consequently, Sudanese relations with Libya became heavily dictated by the war in southern Sudan. In August 1971, Colonel Muammar Gaddafi helped reverse a communist coup against Sudanese President Nimeiry by diverting a British airliner carrying one of the coup’s leaders and handing him over to Nimeiry to be hanged.〔John K. Cooley. “The Libyan Menace,” Foreign Policy, No. 42. (Spring, 1981〕 Libya turned over two of the top communist plotters to the Sudanese authorities, who executed them shortly afterward. However, a year later Sudan accused Libya of involvement in three successive coup attempts and severed diplomatic relations.〔(Libya - Government )〕 “One of the main features of Libya’s policy towards Africa has been its sheer volatility. In Sudan, Libya initially supported President Jaafar Nimeiry against unsuccessful leftist coup attempted in 1971; however, in 1976 the Gaddafi regime backed a coup attempt against Nimeiry that left the Sudanese leader shaken and in-secure.”.〔 Subsequent to Libya’s shaky alliance with the Nimeiry regime and Gaddafi’s attempt to replace it in 1976, Sudan sought out Egyptian protection to Libya’s discomfort.〔 Relations between Libya and Sudan were in many respects a consequence of relations with Egypt.〔 In particular, the Libya-Egypt conflict in 1977 made relations between Sudan and Libya more tense. Sudan backed Egypt in this conflict and opposed Libyan military action. During the fall of 1977, Nimeiry and Sudanese opposition leaders began attempts at reconciliation.〔 Subsequently, starting in February 1978, Libya and Sudan agreed to resume relations. However, relations soon become strained after Gaddafi condemned Sudanese support for President Sadat of Egypt who signed the September 1978 Camp David Accords.〔 This difference of political and ideological position toward the situation in Israel, gave Gaddafi the encouragement to support plots against the Egyptian leader Anwar Sadat and Nimeiry.〔Oye Ogunbadejo. “Qaddafi and Africa’s International Relations,” The Journal Of Modern African Studies, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Mar., 1986)〕 Between 1978 and 1980 Gaddafi’s Islamic Legion of Arab and African “volunteers” trained in Libyan guerrilla camps. They supported the factional fighting in Chad and assassinated political leaders in Chad who contested Libya’s interference.〔 Throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s, Qaddafi employed assassins to eradicate his enemies in Sudan, Niger, Senegal and the Gambia. It is also alleged that his assassins unsuccessfully attempted to kill Hermann Eilts, former U.S. ambassador to Egypt.〔 Libya’s foreign policy in the area became apparent when in 1979, Libyan forces unsuccessfully invaded Chad, marking the beginning of the Chadian-Libyan conflict.〔(Libya Chad Invasion 1979 )〕 The Chadian affair crystallized African attitudes toward Libya. Sudan’s pro-Chadian stance during the conflict, would mark a significant point in the relations between Sudan and Libya.〔 When interviewed by a French press agency in late 1981, President Gaafar Nimeiry called for Gaddafi's death by whatever means possible, "even if it means drowning him in the sea or throwing him from an aeroplane." In the same interview, Nimeiry noted that his military was working with Egypt to formulate a plan to destroy Gaddafi's "subversive" influence.〔"Kadhafi Must Die". ''The Liberian Inaugural'' 1981-10-14: 8.〕 Gaddafi, who has determined Libya’s foreign policy since 1969, has consistently been a proponent of Arab unity, the advancement of Islam, the Palestinian cause and anti-Western sentiments. He has also supported the elimination of Israel.〔 Hence, Gaddafi’s antagonism towards Egypt was a response to Egypt’s pro-Israeli stance. As an additional foreign policy point, Libyan actions in the region often signified strong expansionist aims. This provides the context for understanding how, in January 1981 Radio Tripoli announced the intended merger of Libya and Chad, after Gaddafi said that Chad was part of Libya’s “vital living space.” This announcement alarmed neighboring African states including Sudan. They had already suffered from Gaddafi’s participation in trying to disrupt the governments of Sudan, Egypt and Tunisia through coups and assassinations after failed attempts at unification.〔 By the end of January 1981, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) formally condemned Libya’s intentions for unification with Chad and asked Gaddafi to remove his troops from Chad immediately. Gaddafi’s resentment of Western influence in the region becomes apparent when in 1981 Chester Crocker, the Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs announced that the US was willing to funnel military aid to any of Gaddafi’s neighbors who saw the problem as they saw it.〔 This provided Sudan another avenue to obtain US foreign aid. Sudan received $250 million in economic and military aid in 1982, and more than $200 million in 1983 from the United States.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Libyan–Sudanese conflict」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|